history of juvenile justice :: essays research papers

History of Juvenile Justice *created in the late 1800’s to reform U.S. policies regarding youthful offenders *early on children were treated as chattels of adults without any rights *if found guilty they were sentenced just as adults were *New York City House of Refuge, the first youth prison opened in 1825 *during the 1800’s the juvenile justice system exercised its authority within a â€Å"parens patriae† which meant state as parent or guardian role. The state assumed responsibility of parenting the children until they begin to show changes *Many refuge homes were similar to orphanages *the refuge houses provided education, physical exercise, and supervision *Illinois adopted the first juvenile code in 1899 and established the country’s first juvenile court *prior to 1900 at least ten children under the age of fourteen had been executed *Illinois law focused on the offender’s character rather than the offense *the mission of juvenile courts was to make the youth productive citizens *in the 1920’s professional and mental health services available through the courts were expanded *Kent vs. U.S.(1966) was the first case requiring a special hearing before any transfers to adult court *In re Gault(1967) case that determined the constitution requires separate juvenile justice system with certain standard procedures and protections *by 1970’s a major conservative reform movement emphasized deterrence and punishment. Conservatives wanted vigorous prosecution of serious and violent offenders *Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1974) started to decriminalize, deinstitutionalize, and eliminate court authority over status offenders. They wanted to separate juvenile offenders from adult offenders believing that they were learning criminal behavior from the adults. history of juvenile justice :: essays research papers History of Juvenile Justice *created in the late 1800’s to reform U.S. policies regarding youthful offenders *early on children were treated as chattels of adults without any rights *if found guilty they were sentenced just as adults were *New York City House of Refuge, the first youth prison opened in 1825 *during the 1800’s the juvenile justice system exercised its authority within a â€Å"parens patriae† which meant state as parent or guardian role. The state assumed responsibility of parenting the children until they begin to show changes *Many refuge homes were similar to orphanages *the refuge houses provided education, physical exercise, and supervision *Illinois adopted the first juvenile code in 1899 and established the country’s first juvenile court *prior to 1900 at least ten children under the age of fourteen had been executed *Illinois law focused on the offender’s character rather than the offense *the mission of juvenile courts was to make the youth productive citizens *in the 1920’s professional and mental health services available through the courts were expanded *Kent vs. U.S.(1966) was the first case requiring a special hearing before any transfers to adult court *In re Gault(1967) case that determined the constitution requires separate juvenile justice system with certain standard procedures and protections *by 1970’s a major conservative reform movement emphasized deterrence and punishment. Conservatives wanted vigorous prosecution of serious and violent offenders *Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (1974) started to decriminalize, deinstitutionalize, and eliminate court authority over status offenders. They wanted to separate juvenile offenders from adult offenders believing that they were learning criminal behavior from the adults.

Dear Diary

A few days ago, I ran into these strange-looking witches that had brought forth a prophecy that I hadn't believed. The prophecy stated that I shall replace Duncan, my King, from his title. This news was indeed compelling but Just the thought of ever replacing the King was something I could never do. I had to share this news with someone, so I went to the one person I trust more than anyone in this world, my wife. She was delighted to hear that I could be named King, but seemed devastated that I was hesitant on taking a type of action that could gain me the throne.I had been persuaded by my wife into assassinating the king and taking his crown. Ever since then my life has changed enormously. These past few days have been like a nightmare for me, a nightmare that I have to live in until my last breath. In order to remain king and keep the title in my family, I must take action towards the people who have the ability to that away from me. Therefore, my best friend, Banquet, and his sons must be eliminated because the prophecy from the witches had stated that his sons will be the true heir of the throne rather than my sons when they are born, which I can't let, happen.I can't kill again; the circumstances this time around are different than before. I am the king now, and after everything I had gone through Just to get this title I can't Jeopardize that. Due to the choices I had made, I need to be the most patient and kind king the world has ever seen, I need to remain calm at all times, and under no circumstance may I ever tell a soul of the actions I had taken to be where I am today. This Is what my future lays for me. This Is what my life shall look like from here on.

Hemoglobin And Sickle Cell Disease - 1793 Words

Ana-Maria Sutac Biochemistry 370 11/13/2015 Hemoglobin and Sickle Cell Disease Introduction Sickle cell disease, also known as SCD, is a hereditary blood disorder that takes place due to mutation in the hemoglobin gene that is found in red blood cells. While it is said to have originated in Africa and is mostly predominant in African Americans, sickle cell disease is now common among different ethnic groups all over the world. Sickle cell anemia (HbSS) infects â€Å"an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 Americans†(Housman) and accounts for approximately 70% of anemia in the United States. Hemoglobin functions as an oxygen carrying protein as it carries oxygen from the lungs through the arteries and to the rest of the body. In sickle cell disease,†¦show more content†¦These subunits are held together by ionic, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions as well as heme groups that are made up of Fe2+. Hemoglobin can be found in two different states. The first state is known as the T-state when it is tense and oxygen deprived. The second state is known as R-state when is relaxed and oxygenated. Hemoglobin first binds to oxygen then transports it to blood vessels, which have low oxygen levels. After it releases the oxygen the blood vessels, the red cells then transports carbon dioxide (CO2) from the tissues to the lungs where it picks oxygen once more. Cooperativiy, Affinity, and Efficiency When a subunit binds to oxygen, it changes it conformation and sends messages to other subunits to bind to oxygen as well. When more hemoglobin monomers (subunits) bind to oxygen, it is increasing hemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen, thus leading to better cooperativity. It was also discovered that there is a higher affinity for purified hemoglobin rather than the hemoglobin inside the red blood cells due to the anionic compound 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG). This molecule binds to hemoglobin in a small pocket only found in the T state when it is deoxygenized and allows it become stable. It further causes a reduction in hemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen, working out in its favor. During the transition from T to R state, the pocket containing 2,3-BPG is broken and